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install.txt: regenerate (9 man 1 intro >install.txt)

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Change-Id: I80331732ce955d5b025a3552d15c6d7494752bf6
Reviewed-on: https://plan9port-review.googlesource.com/1093
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@swtch.com>
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Russ Cox 2014-12-01 20:23:12 -05:00
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INSTALL(1) INSTALL(1) INTRO(1) INTRO(1)
NAME NAME
install - notes about Plan 9 from User Space installation intro - introduction to Plan 9 from User Space
SYNOPSIS
cd /usr/local/plan9; ./INSTALL [ -b | -c ]
DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION
To obtain the Plan 9 tree, use CVS (see cvs(1)) or download Plan 9 is a distributed computing environment built at Bell
a tar file from http://swtch.com/plan9port. Labs starting in the late 1980s. The system can be obtained
from Bell Labs at http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9 and runs
on PCs and a variety of other platforms. Plan 9 became a
convenient platform for experimenting with new ideas, appli-
cations, and services.
The tree can be unpacked anywhere, but the usual place is Plan 9 from User Space provides many of the ideas, applica-
/usr/local/plan9. In the root of the tree, run ./INSTALL. tions, and services from Plan 9 on Unix-like systems. It
This script builds the Plan 9 build program mk(1) if neces- runs on FreeBSD (x86, x86-64), Linux (x86, x86-64, PowerPC
sary, cleans all previously built object files and libraries and ARM), Mac OS X (x86, x86-64, and PowerPC), NetBSD (x86
out of the tree, rebuilds and installs everything, and then and PowerPC), OpenBSD (x86 and PowerPC), Dragonfly BSD
cleans up. (x86-64), and SunOS (x86-64 and Sparc).
There are a few files in tree which have the root hard-coded Commands
in them. After the build, INSTALL edits these files to Plan 9 from User Space expects its own directory tree, con-
replace the string /usr/local/plan9 with the name of the ventionally /usr/local/plan9. When programs need to access
root of the current tree. files in the tree, they expect the $PLAN9 environment vari-
able to contain the name of the root of the tree. See
install(1) for details about installation.
Finally, INSTALL builds an HTML version of the manual and Many of the familiar Unix commands, for example cat(1),
installs it in /usr/local/plan9/man. ls(1), and wc(1), are present, but in their Plan 9 forms:
cat takes no options, ls does not columnate its output when
printing to a terminal, and wc counts UTF characters. In
some cases, the differences are quite noticeable: grep(1)
and sed(1) expect Plan 9 regular expressions (see
regexp(7)), which are closest to what Unix calls extended
regular expressions. Because of these differences, it is
not recommended to put $PLAN9/bin before the usual system
bin directories in your search path. Instead, put it at the
end of your path and use the 9(1) script when you want to
invoke the Plan 9 version of a traditional Unix command.
The installation can be thought of as two steps: build all Occasionally the Plan 9 programs have been changed to adapt
the binaries, and then edit files as necessary to fix the to Unix. Mk(1) now allows mkfiles to choose their own
references to the installation root. If necessary, these shell, and rc(1) has a ulimit builtin and manages $PATH.
can be run separately. Given the -b flag, INSTALL performs
only the first step. Given the -c flag, INSTALL performs
only the second step. The first step can be done with the
tree in a temporary work directory, but the second step must
be done once the tree is in its final location. These flags
are only necessary when trying to conform to the expecta-
tions of certain package management systems.
At the end of the installation, INSTALL prints suggested Many of the graphical programs from Plan 9 are present,
settings for the environment variables $PLAN9 and $PATH. including sam(1) and acme(1). An X11 window manager rio(1)
mimics Plan 9's window system, with command windows imple-
mented by the external program 9term(1). Following the style
of X Windows, these programs run in new windows rather than
the one in which they are invoked. They all take a -W
option to specify the size and placement of the new window.
The argument is one of widthxheight, widthxheight@xmin,xmax,
Plan 9 from User Space uses different threading implementa- Page 1 Plan 9 (printed 12/1/14)
tions on Linux 2.6 and later kernels than on 2.4 and ear-
lier; and on FreeBSD 5 and later kernels than on FreeBSD 4
and earlier. Running binaries from one class on another
will not work.
Some Linux 2.6 systems (e.g., Gentoo) do not use the new INTRO(1) INTRO(1)
NPTL pthread library even though the kernel supports them.
On these systems, plan9port must fall back on the threading
code intended for Linux 2.4. To accomplish this, INSTALL
checks whether the running system uses NPTL and sets
SYSVERSION in /usr/local/plan9/config accordingly. The file
/usr/local/plan9/LOCAL.config is appended to config after
this auto-detection and can be used to override the choices.
If LOCAL.config contains a line WSYSTYPE=nowsys then the
system is built without using X11.
On most Linux systems, the X11 header packages need to be or xmin,ymin,xmax,ymax.
installed to build using X11. On Debian. the required pack-
ages are libx11-dev, libxext-dev, and libxt-dev. On Ubuntu,
it suffices to install xorg-dev.
INSTALL can safely be repeated to rebuild the system from The plumber(4) helps to connect the various Plan 9 programs
scratch. together, and fittings like web(1) connect it to external
programs such as web browsers; one can click on a URL in
acme and see the page load in Firefox.
Once the system is built for the first time, it can be main- User-level file servers
tained and rebuilt using mk(1). To rebuild individual com- In Plan 9, user-level file servers present file trees via
mands or libraries, run mk install and mk clean in the the Plan 9 file protocol, 9P. Processes can mount arbitrary
appropriate source directory (see src(1)). file servers and customize their own name spaces. These
facilities are used to connect programs. Clients interact
with file servers by reading and writing files.
FILES This cannot be done directly on Unix. Instead the servers
/usr/local/plan9/lib/moveplan9.files listen for 9P connections on Unix domain sockets; clients
the list of files that need to have /usr/local/plan9 connect to these sockets and speak 9P directly using the
edited out of them 9pclient(3) library. Intro(4) tells more of the story. The
effect is not as clean as on Plan 9, but it gets the job
done and still provides a uniform and easy-to-understand
mechanism. The 9p(1) client can be used in shell scripts or
by hand to carry out simple interactions with servers.
Netfiles(1) is an experimental client for acme.
/usr/local/plan9/lib/moveplan9.sh External databases
the script that edits the files Some programs rely on large databases that would be cumber-
some to include in every release. Scripts are provided that
download these databases separately. These databases can be
downloaded separately. See $PLAN9/dict/README and
$PLAN9/sky/README.
/usr/local/plan9/src/mkmk.sh Programming
the shell script used to build mk(1) The shell scripts 9c and 9l (see 9c(1)) provide a simple
interface to the underlying system compiler and linker, sim-
ilar to the 2c and 2l families on Plan 9. 9c compiles
source files, and 9l links object files into executables.
When using Plan 9 libraries, 9l infers the correct set of
libraries from the object files, so that no -l options are
needed.
/usr/local/plan9/dist/manweb The only way to write multithreaded programs is to use the
the shell script that builds the HTML manual thread(3) library. Rfork(3) exists but is not as capable as
on Plan 9. There are many unfortunate by necessary prepro-
cessor diversions to make Plan 9 and Unix libraries coexist.
See intro(3) for details.
/usr/local/plan9/man/index.html The debuggers acid(1) and db(1) and the debugging library
the top-level page in the HTML version of the manual mach(3) are works in progress. They are platform-
independent, so that x86 Linux core dumps can be inspected
on PowerPC Mac OS X machines, but they are also fairly
incomplete. The x86 target is the most mature; initial Pow-
erPC support exists; and other targets are unimplemented.
/usr/local/plan9/install.log Page 2 Plan 9 (printed 12/1/14)
logged output from the last run of INSTALL
/usr/local/plan9/install.sum INTRO(1) INTRO(1)
a summary of install.log
The debuggers can only inspect, not manipulate, target pro-
cesses. Support for operating system threads and for 64-bit
architectures needs to be rethought. On x86 Linux systems,
acid and db can be relied upon to produce reasonable stack
traces (often in cases when GNU gdb cannot) and dump data
structures, but that it is the extent to which they have
been developed and exercised.
Porting programs
The vast majority of the familiar Plan 9 programs have been
ported, including the Unicode-aware troff(1).
Of the more recent additions to Plan 9, factotum(4),
secstore(1), and secstored(1), vac(1), vacfs(4), and
venti(8) are all ported.
A backup system providing a dump file system built atop
Venti is in progress; see vbackup(8).
Porting to new systems
Porting the tree to new operating systems or architectures
should be straightforward, as system-specific code has been
kept to a minimum. The largest pieces of system-specific
code are <u.h>, which must include the right system files
and set up the right integer type definitions, and
libthread, which must implement spin locks, operating system
thread creation, and context switching routines. Portable
implementations of these using <pthread.h> and <ucontext.h>
already exist. If your system supports them, you may not
need to write any system specific code at all.
There are other smaller system dependencies, such as the
terminal handling code in 9term(1) and the implementation of
getcallerpc(3), but these are usually simple and are not on
the critical path for getting the system up and running.
SEE ALSO SEE ALSO
intro(1), cvs(1) The rest of this manual describes Plan 9 from User Space.
Many of the man pages have been brought from Plan 9, but
they have been updated, and others have been written from
scratch.
The manual pages are in a Unix style tree, with names like
$PLAN9/man/man1/cat.1 instead of Plan 9's simpler
$PLAN9/man/1/cat, so that the Unix man(1) utility can handle
it. Some systems, for example Debian Linux, deduce the man
page locations from the search path, so that adding
$PLAN9/bin to your path is sufficient to cause $PLAN9/man to
be consulted for manual pages using the system man. On other
systems, or to look at manual pages with the same name as a
system page, invoke the Plan 9 man directly, as in 9 man
cat.
Page 3 Plan 9 (printed 12/1/14)
INTRO(1) INTRO(1)
The manual sections follow the Unix numbering conventions,
not the Plan 9 ones.
Section (1) describes general publicly accessible commands.
Section (3) describes C library functions.
Section (4) describes user-level file servers.
Section (7) describes file formats and protocols. (On Unix,
section (5) is technically for file formats but seems now to
be used for describing specific files.)
Section (8) describes commands used for system administra-
tion.
Section (9p) describes the Plan 9 file protocol 9P.
These pages describe parts of the system that are new or
different from Plan 9 from Bell Labs:
9(1), 9c(1), 9p(1), 9term(1), acidtypes in acid(1),
dial(1), git(1), label(1), the MKSHELL variable in
mk(1), namespace(1), netfiles(1), page(1), psfonts(1),
rio(1), web(1), wintext(1)
intro(3), 9pclient(3), the unix network in dial(3),
exits(3), get9root(3), getns(3), notify(3),
post9pservice(3), rfork(3), searchpath(3), sendfd(3),
udpread(3), venti(3), wait(3), wctl(3)
intro(4), 9pserve(4), import(4),
vbackup(8)
openfd(9p)
DIAGNOSTICS
In Plan 9, a program's exit status is an arbitrary text
string, while on Unix it is an integer. Section (1) of this
manual describes commands as though they exit with string
statuses. In fact, exiting with an empty status corresponds
to exiting with status 0, and exiting with any non-empty
string corresponds to exiting with status 1. See exits(3).
Page 4 Plan 9 (printed 12/1/14)